Getting Started - JAVA
Getting Java Basics quickly has become easy with Javabeginner.com.
This site is for the java programmers who want to use the Java
programming language to create applications using the Java basics. This
site is for absolute beginners to advanced java programmers who do not
require any prerequisite Java knowledge. For getting started with Java
you’ll have to have some basic understanding of the concepts of
programming.
After going through all the tutorials in this site, you would have
learnt the essential concepts and features of the Java Programming
Language which include exceptions, Swing GUI programming, Collections
framework etc. A lot of code examples are used through out tutorial to
make you understand the language better.
All the listings and programs in the website are compiled and run using the JDK 1.5.
Java Architecture
The Java environment is composed of a number of system components.
You use these components at compile time to create the Java program and
at run time to execute the program. Java achieves its independence by
creating programs designed to run on the Java Virtual Machine rather
than any specific computer system.
- After you write a Java program, you use a compiler that reads the
statements in the program and translates them into a machine independent
format called bytecode.
- Bytecode files, which are very compact, are easily transported through a distributed system like the Internet.
- The compiled Java code (resulting byte code) will be executed at run time.
Java programs can be written and executed in two ways:
- Stand-alone application (A Java Swing Application)
- Applet which runs on a web browser (Example: Internet Explorer)
Java source code
A Java program is a collection of one or more java classes. A Java
source file can contain more than one class definition and has a .java
extension. Each class definition in a source file is compiled into a
separate class file. The name of this compiled file is comprised of the
name of the class with .class as an extension. Before we proceed further
in this section, I would recommend you to go through the ‘Basic Language Elements’.
Below is a java sample code for the traditional Hello World program.
Basically, the idea behind this Hello World program is to learn how to
create a program, compile and run it. To create your java source code
you can use any editor( Text pad/Edit plus are my favorites) or you can
use an IDE like Eclipse.
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World");
}//End of main
}//End of HelloWorld Class
Output
Hello World
ABOUT THE PROGRAM
I created a class named “HelloWorld” containing a simple main
function within it. The keyword class specifies that we are defining a
class. The name of a public class is spelled exactly as the name of the
file (Case Sensitive). All java programs begin execution with the method
named main(). main method that gets executed has the following
signature : public static void main(String args[]).Declaring this method
as public means that it is accessible from outside the class so that
the JVM can find it when it looks for the program to start it. It is
necessary that the method is declared with return type void (i.e. no
arguments are returned from the method). The main method contains a
String argument array that can contain the command line arguments. The
brackets { and } mark the beginning and ending of the class. The program
contains a line ‘System.out.println(“Hello World”);’ that tells the
computer to print out on one line of text namely ‘Hello World’. The
semi-colon ‘;’ ends the line of code. The double slashes ‘//’ are used
for comments that can be used to describe what a source code is doing.
Everything to the right of the slashes on the same line does not get
compiled, as they are simply the comments in a program.
Java Main method Declarations
class MainExample1 {public static void main(String[] args) {}}
class MainExample2 {public static void main(String []args) {}}
class MainExample3 {public static void main(String args[]) {}}
All the 3 valid main method’s shown above accepts a single String array argument.
Compiling and Running an Application
To compile and run the program you need the JDK distributed by Sun
Microsystems. The JDK contains documentation, examples, installation
instructions, class libraries and packages, and tools. Download an
editor like Textpad/EditPlus to type your code. You must save your
source code with a .java extension. The name of the file must be the
name of the public class contained in the file.
Steps for Saving, compiling and Running a Java
Step 1:Save the program With .java Extension.
Step 2:Compile the file from DOS prompt by typing javac .
Step 3:Successful Compilation, results in creation of .class containing byte code
Step 4:Execute the file by typing java
Java Development Kit
The Java Developer’s Kit is distributed by Sun Microsystems. The JDK
contains documentation, examples, installation instructions, class
libraries and packages, and tools
javadoc
The javadoc tool provided by Sun is used to produce documentation for an application or program,
Jar Files
A jar file is used to group together related class files into a
single file for more compact storage, distribution, and transmission.
PATH and CLASSPATH
The following are the general programming errors,
which I think every beginning java programmer would come across. Here
is a solution on how to solve the problems when running on a Microsoft
Windows Machine.
1. ‘javac’ is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file
When you get this error, you should conclude that your operating
system cannot find the compiler (javac). To solve this error you need to
set the PATH variable.
How to set the PATH Variable?
Firstly the PATH variable is set so that we can compile and execute
programs from any directory without having to type the full path of the
command. To set the PATH of jdk on your system (Windows XP), add the
full path of the jdk\bin directory to the PATH variable.
Set the PATH as follows on a Windows machine:
a. Click Start > Right Click “My Computer” and click on “Properties”
b. Click Advanced > Environment Variables.
c. Add the location of bin folder of JDK installation for PATH in User
Variables and System Variables. A typical value for PATH is:
C:\jdk\bin (jdk
If there are already some entries in the PATH variable then you must
add a semicolon and then add the above value (Version being replaced
with the version of JDK). The new path takes effect in each new command
prompt window you open after setting the PATH variable.
2. Exception in thread “main” java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: HelloWorld
If you receive this error, java cannot find your compiled byte code
file, HelloWorld.class.If both your class files and source code are in
the same working directory and if you try running your program from the
current working directory than, your program must get executed without
any problems as, java tries to find your .class file is your current
directory. If your class files are present in some other directory other
than that of the java files we must set the CLASSPATH pointing to the
directory that contain your compiled class files.CLASSPATH can be set as
follows on a Windows machine:
a. Click Start > Right Click “My Computer” and click on “Properties”
b. Click Advanced > Environment Variables.
Add the location of classes’ folder containing all your java classes in User Variables.
If there are already some entries in the CLASSPATH variable then you
must add a semicolon and then add the new value . The new class path
takes effect in each new command prompt window you open after setting
the CLASSPATH variable.
Java 1.5
The Java 1.5 released in September 2004.
Goals
Less code complexity
Better readability
More compile-time type safety
Some new functionality (generics, scanner)
New Features
Enhanced for loop
Enumerated types
Autoboxing & unboxing
Generic types
Scanner
Variable number of arguments (varargs)
Static imports
Annotations
